Language used by celebrity chefs free essay sample

Moreover, being a superstar gourmet expert on TV and the main (lead) character of ones own cooking show implies that each trademark discourse, conduct, race, and sexual orientation is amplified and broadened for all to see. The weight of being in the media spotlight and thusly getting acknowledged by the mass crowd is considerably more purpose behind superstar culinary experts (and their demonstrate makers) to misrepresent their sexes on TV with the goal that they effectively separation themselves from the contrary sex. In this manner, the center of the investigation in this conversation will fixate on how VIP culinary specialists use language to accomplish this impact, with explicit spotlight on two cooks In The F Word, which stars Gordon Ramsay a big name gourmet specialist infamous for his liberal swearing, discourteousness, and red hot temper on TV the letter F really alludes to food, however we are unavoidably compelled to think about the other F word, which is identified with swearing and sex. We will compose a custom article test on Language utilized by big name culinary experts or on the other hand any comparable point explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page It is very far-fetched for a female culinary specialist to star in a show which has a (conceivably) unrefined title this way. Whether or not we like or not, need it or not, superstar culinary specialists will keep on utilizing language and different assets to develop very much characterized gendered personalities that we as watchers will effectively acknowledge as long as they are in accordance with our own sexual orientation convictions. The innovations of cutting edge innovation, for example, the TV have implied that English communicated in language is as shifted now as it has ever been; you just need to flick through the TV channels to find the distinctions in the language a journalist utilizes, contrasted with that of a talk show have. This likewise applies to various individuals discussing a similar subject; this can be outlined in the investigation of Jamie Oliver’s and Gordon Ramsay’s one of a kind adjustments of communicated in language to suit the crowd and motivation behind their diverse cooking appears. Jamie oliver: bolsters his laidback mentality Target crowd: 30 more youthful †slang and infantile prhases

Heteronormativity Kritik Essay Example for Free

Heteronormativity Kritik Essay This section is about sex, yet not the sex that individuals as of now have lucidity about. Space as a human, political area is sorted out around sex, however a sex that is implicitly found, and seldom spoken, in legitimate talk. The poliâ ­ spasms of space investigation, militarization and commercialization as they are imagined and drilled in the US, encapsulate a qualification among open and private (and fitting practices, implications and characters in that) profoundly needy upon heteronormative orders of property and appropriateness. The focal point of this section is to show how US space talk, a magnificent talk of innovative, military and business prevalence, configutes and recommends achievement and fruitful conduct in the legislative issues of space in especially gendered structures. US space talk is, I contend, predicated on a heteronormative talk of success that replicates the predominance of hetero masculinity(ies), and which progressively arranges the development of other (subordinate) sexual orientation personalities. Perusing the governmental issues of space as heteronormative proposes that the talks through which space exists comprise of foundations, structures of understanding, handy directions and administrative practices sorted out and advantaged around heterosexuality. As an especially predominant rambling plan of space governmental issues, US space talk (re)produces importance through gendered suppositions of investigation, colonization, financial undertaking and military triumph that are profoundly gendered while introduced as all inclusive and nonpartisan. US space talk, which rules the contemporary worldwide governmental issues of space, is along these lines framed from and upon organizations, structures of comprehension, and useful directions that benefit and standardize heterosexualiry as general. Thusly, the domineering verbose defenses of room investigation and victory ,re)produce both heterosexuality as plain (that is, altogether normalâ ­ ized) and the hetero goals that comprise reasonable space-capable individuals, practices and practices. As the prologue to this volume features, the investigation and use of space can so far be held up as a reflection of, instead of a test to, existent, presently bound, political examples, practices and driving forces. The additional opportunities for human advancement that the application and improvement of room advances challenges us to make are grounded distinctly in the strategyâ ­ fixated (be it financially, militarily or something else) real factors of contemporary worldwide legislative issues. Space is a calculated, political and material space, a spot for crashes and agreements (actually and allegorically) between objects, thoughts, personalities and talks. Space, similar to worldwide relations, is a worldwide space in every case socially and privately installed. There is nothing out there about space. It exists as a result of us, not regardless of us, and it is this that implies that it just bodes well in social terms, that is, according to our own developments of personality and social area. In this part, space is the tricky to which I apply a sexual orientation investigation; a field wherein past, current and future strategy making is installed corresponding to specific exhibitions of intensity and reconfigurations of personality that are consistently, and not unexpectedly, gendered. Compelling and proper conduct in the governmental issues of ourer space is arranged and recommended in especially gendered structures, with heteronormative sexual orientation guidelines blessing external spaces chains of command of mechanically unrivaled, conquesting execution with theif ordinary force. It is through sex that US techno-key and astro-political talk has had the option to (re)produce space as a heterosexualized, masculinized domain. Heteronormativity K 1NC 2. The drive to colonize space blocks eccentric personalities and concretizes sexual contrast. This strengthens heterosexism and transforms ladies into wares. Casper and Moore 95 (Monica J. , Ph. D in humanism from the University of California, San Francisco, women's activist researcher and analyst on conceptive equity. Lisa Jean, Ph. D in humanism from the University

Journet free essay sample

At the point when life gives you a hundred motivations to cry, show life that you have a thousand motivations to grin. Obscure I love this statement. With its attention on fearlessness and order, it is something I have triumphantly gone to possess in the course of the most recent two years. My youth has not been pure: I have endured tremendous misfortune and I committed numerous errors in light of that misfortune. However, my difficulties have likewise shown me exercises that a few people aren’t sufficiently blessed to learn all through a lifetime. One radiant March evening when I was twelve my reality got diminish. The ordinary got strange. My mother met us at the school transport, crying. When inside, we were advised to remain ground floor and pause. Something wasn’t right; my dad’s vehicle was in the garage, his jacket was on the kitchen seat, however he was no place in sight. In a little while, the police and paramedics were at the entryway. We will compose a custom exposition test on Journet or then again any comparative point explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page I needed to cry. I needed to run upstairs and simply observe my father. My uncle and auntie before long showed up and whisked my sister and me away. As we drove off, I knew where it counts that I could never observe my father again. My mother revealed to us that night, through tears, that my father was no more. He had ended it all. The agony I felt was incredible. I was in an awful spot after my father kicked the bucket: obscurity enveloped me and I lost my heading. I did inadequately in school both green beans and sophomore years and I settled on other negative decisions, also. Be that as it may, from the beginning I knew this wasn’t truly me. I knew needed to change, however I couldn’t discover the quality or clearness to do as such until the late spring before my lesser year when I endured another staggering misfortune; a companion passed on in a car crash. Stunning. I currently knew for certain how short life can be. It turned out to be truly obvious to me that I di dn’t have the opportunity to squander. I expected to get my life on target. After Erica passed on, I looked into holy places in my general vicinity and went over one that appeared to be correct. I connected with staff, which grasped me and helped me to discover my balance on a positive way. I began my lesser year with my head high and am extremely glad to state that I made respect move the entire year and am doing similarly also senior year. I have come out of the murkiness into a splendid and important spot. In the previous 2 years, I have figured out how to grin again and to do as such proudly and veritable bliss. The disaster that I endured and the missteps I made are a piece of who I am. Regardless of the torment, these occasions have made me so a lot further and smarter. As Aristotle Onassis stated, â€Å"It is during our darkest minutes that we should center to see the light.† I have discovered that centering to see the light is a hard-won, yet fantastically sign ificant control.

Dreams and the Coffee free essay sample

What will be me following 10 years from now? Maybe, I should consider that I am an aggressive young lady; so perhaps that’s the motivation behind why, each time I would look outside our wooden window as I mix the espresso before me, distinctive pictures from the futureâ€perhaps, the best results of a simple imaginationâ€continuously glint on the white peddle behind my head. There was even when the progression of pictures brought me into certain perception and wound up mixing a similar mug of espresso, that time, before mammoth window glasses. From the windowâ€as the coffee’s smell entered my nostrilsâ€I found the figure of Eiffel tower drawn over white rooftops and a few lines of green trees. As I rose and made my heels meet the marble floor, I was gotten by the hallucination of different high rises on the dark, piano-completed work area which had the yellow stickers bearing my unusual handwriting. We will compose a custom article test on Dreams and the Coffee or then again any comparative point explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page Also, from that sight, an outline of a PC, a white holder lodging at any rate thirty ball-pens and heaps of papersâ€either tidy or crumpledâ€suddenly sprung up on the correct side of my eyes. What's more, as I gradually convoluted, I discovered that I was inside a condominium estimated room, structured with the most advanced, geometrical furniture of nonpartisan hues. The air was a metropolitan marvelousness, with some traditional supplements because of the brilliant twists imprinted on the couch’s pads. Yet, at one side, seeing the folded papers destroying the marble floor, and the PC working up for up to all day, every day gave me numerous motivations to be derisive upon this imprudent monstrosity who was headed to demolish her little discovered paradise. Maybe, I think now, it may be the reaction of being so fixated upon letters and the timeâ€fancying that letters cherished her so much and that time was the most valuable thing for her supervisor who called her at regular intervals. Also, for those, she feared losing her employment and seeing Eiffel tower there by her window along these lines, however much as could be expected, she wouldn’t burn through a period and stick her butt again on her situate and complete a few scratches for a solitary article including how the artistic creation of Mona Lisa was shrewdly liberated from the world-class security of Louver. In any case, my creative mind isn't as intriguing as Conan Doyle’s or Einstein’s; inevitably, I will in general stop there in the robberyâ€the progressively convoluted subtleties of my liking would consistently be an ellipsis. Indeed, I generally longed for turning into a decent writerâ€making a decent benefit in a decent spot. What's more, as I think about a decent composition, a well known magazine would consistently be there in my mind, and when it’s a decent benefit, a home in a decent spot like Paris would consistently be my mind’s goal. Notwithstanding, if this is my definitive dream,â€perhaps, what may be that individual whom I’m planning to become following 10 years from nowâ€I shouldn’t be only a magazine essayist. Maybe, that will just be a piece of an increasingly yearning thought, for example a sideline during my free occasions. I will end up being a novelistâ€an worldwide succes s at its most brave sense whose name will be imprinted on various element articles. Maybe, I will be known for the silliness and mind that I compose, and may likewise be reprimanded some of the time in some web gatherings for the multifaceted nature of my presentations. My books will likewise be converted into various dialects and the vast majority of them, if not be purchased to peruse, may be purchased as frill for those whose solitary information was to follow the patterns. Many would remember me as I walk the boulevards of Parisâ€most will welcome me while others will just imagine that they didn’t see me. I will be circumspectly learned about expressions and writing; become acclimated on playing Vivaldi’s Four Seasons utilizing my violin; be a socialite however will never smoke or be unnecessary of wines and additional minutes; become joyful and as yet making progress toward increasingly, in the wake of completing my most prominent achievement of giving Mama her fantasy house in Maryland. Yet, at that point, when I lifted the cup and nearly singed my tongue out of shock and the hazardous warmth of the espresso, my spine trembled as I was abruptly brought once again into awareness. Subsequently, I understood that I am only twenty-eight for that time! Also, just an extraordinary marvel will be the way to make it there at such an early age. For these, I had finished up thatâ€yesâ€it is to be sure a reality that the most inconceivable dreams are the least demanding things to envision. Maybe, following ten years from now,â€if I will think about the real factors of life and not simply be inclining everything into my anecdotal hopingâ€my life will be a lot of like the sort of presence which I’m having now. Maybe, I will at present be as slanted to composing as I am currently, however my back will be a lot straighter in doing it in the wake of bearing an agreeable upholstered seat, which I will put adjacent to the wooden window of our home. Be that as it may, I will be progressively cognizant about doing it: maintaining a strategic distance from verbosity and the superfluous utilization of runs and descriptive words. Possibly, I will compose for a school magazine which I am one of the editors and will be enchanted in the wake of seeing an understudy perusing my section. Maybe, every six a.m., I will end up before a mirror wearing a light make-up and a peach uniform. At that point by seven, I will be welcomed by every understudy who will pass my direction and will welcome vivaciously consequently; be frightfully chipper about observing my associates inside the workplace; and be cognizant about the cleans on my table, making me clear them off with a green material. Maybe, every time I travel home, more understudies will welcome me on the way walksâ€some earnest, yet most just feel that they’re obliged to do it at the same time, I won't be upset will at present grin back at them. What's more, after showing up home, I will be depleted and chaotic be that as it may, at present, will refresh my exercise plan by six at night and simply kiss my Mama ‘good night’ by ten. Maybe, I will make an agreeable benefit: enough for helping my folks and sending my kin to school. Yet, my specialty will in any case be in our old house which I will figure out how to cherish more as we build up its width. Maybe, I will likewise have the option to set aside much cash for I will even now be as frugal as I am todayâ€causing me to have a no-better garments and stuffs at that point, yet will make me feel that I am getting more extravagant every day. Perhaps, that’ll be the life for me after ten yearsâ€simple yet acceptable. In any case, the fire inside me will never be put out. I know, past those years, there’re significantly more chances to come. I am as yet youthful by at that point and, maybe, progressively mindful. Whoever I may become, I am sure that I will be a wise venture for the general public and for my family. Who knows, possibly, by thirty, my life would out of nowhere be changed in the wake of participating in a composing challenge, or maybe, taking an interest in a Wherever-it-is Got Talent. Or then again perhaps, I will meet a not really agreeable Englishman who claims a home in Bath; and following seven days, succumb to his unvoiced silliness and one of a kind reasonableness and be hitched to him the following month. What's more, following five years, I will be a mother to two kids whose eyes are earthy colored however whose hairs are blonde. Andâ€who knows again?â€after those, my definitive dream will likewise be sought after, having been hitched to this adoring and strong man. Who knows? Or then again who knows, by thirty-five, it may be the opposite way around; tragically, this man won't have the option to discover me and be hitched to another. Also, I? I will never be referred to by some other man as magnificent as him; and will never be convinced to wed a chap from the area. At that point, I will simply be me, getting more established yet at the same time in the equivalent houseâ€dreaming, and taking in the fragrance of my espresso.

Analysis of the Images of Mind in Society Essay

In our general public, there are various pictures, symbols and images of the brain, and one lot of this are those that are depicted by geeks and nerds. These sorts of images are famously found in motion pictures and network shows. By definition, a geek is â€Å"a individual who is resolute or achieved in logical or specialized interests however is felt to be socially awkward (Nerd 2009). † According to this article, it bears a deprecatory meaning or generalization. In TV programs and motion pictures, the geeks are the ones who are frequently alienated by the more mainstream swarm. In this picture (http://www. dougweb. organization/pictures/blog/Nerd_of_the_Year_2001. jpg), geeks are appeared as having huge eye glasses and are socially clumsy. It tends to be found in the image that they appear to be a fool since they â€Å"do not get laid. † I accept that individuals of insight are depicted like this in light of the fact that lone a little percent of populace has just been made astute, or just a little level of individuals are eager to forfeit their social picture to seek after an undertaking (most particularly scholastic ones). Since they are little in number, what they are doing isn't famous to other people. By doing these things, savvy individuals don't get asked in proms and other social exercises. This can likewise be found in the show the Big Bang Theory, where the fundamental characters are intelligent people (hypothetical physicists). It is appeared in this arrangement that they are socially clumsy, and don't have a clue how to manage young ladies (Picture: http://publication. sidereel. com/Images/Pages/big_bang_theory. jpg). Different pictures/images of the brain that is depicted in the public eye are the Ivy League schools and the educators there. It shows that profoundly keen individuals need to have an excellent domain where they could sharpen their aptitudes. Additionally, these sorts of schools have exclusive requirements in light of the fact that not all understudies have the scholarly ability to endure in these sorts of schools. These schools are expected to create outstanding work and inquires about and splendid personalities that could be useful in improving the general public. Rundown of References â€Å"Nerd† The Free Dictionary. com. Accessible from <http://en. wikipedia. organization/wiki/Nerd> [22 July 2009]

Poetry Explication John Legend Lyrics’, “All of Me” - 275 Words

Poetry Explication: John Legend Lyrics', â€Å"All of Me† (Essay Sample) Content: Poetry ExplicationJohn Legend Lyrics, All of MeNameInstructorInstitutionDateThe title All of Me, by John Legend manifests the involvement of the author in the love circles that he cannot escape. From the title, the author illustrates his current position in his love to the women referred to in the poem. The author mentions that, regardless of the many insulting and annoying moments, he cannot get rid of the lady in question, I wonder what I will do without your attractive mouth? Attracting me in, but you booting me out. The line can be inferred as referring to both attraction and repellent nature of the girl. The speaker mentions that the girl makes his head spin, in an attempt of pinpointing what the girl thinks of him. He cannot figure her out; she is unpredictable, random in her actions yet still he believes all will work out.The author in this poem is a gentleman who is in deep love with a woman. The woman pictured in the poem is the support of his life. She is t he oxygen tank for him: My heads under water, But Im breathing fine, You are wonderful, and Im out of my mind. The love is so strong that he faces things head-on without harm, even with the head under water, still he breathes fine. Despite the hard times that this relationship has brought the author, still he feels fine with the love of his heart. The poem is a personal statement expressing ones deep emotional involvement with a lady. The main idea is love, which demands giving it their all in exchange for a deep love and eternal...

You Can Still Salvage Your Essay Without Reading About Poop

You Can Still Salvage Your Essay Without Reading About PoopPoor essay samples are a very common occurrence. Students constantly complain that their essay is dull and boring, so they turn to the internet for help. The question is: what should you do when your essay is not only dry but incredibly boring? Can you still salvage your essay?First, identify why your essay was so poorly written in the first place. Was it because you have no idea how to write? Or was it because you simply lacked the time or motivation to write? No matter what the reason was, you need to resolve the issue before you move on.Once you've come up with the problem, the next step is to find a solution. For example, if you thought that your grammar was a bit off, or your ideas were unclear, or perhaps even if you just found the essay boring, you could rewrite it completely.Another alternative is to hire a professional editor. If you don't have the budget for that, don't worry. You can even write your own original es says, using techniques such as Subject Oriented Grammar, Sentence Structure, and Establishing Arguments.You may also be interested in plagiarism-check essay samples to see if you are cheating. One of the most common examples of plagiarism-check essay samples is 'How To Steal Your Neighbor's Poem', which has numerous examples of how to steal an essay without being caught. The author, Allen Ginsberg, actually inspired this type of essay and has said that he did not write the essay.And finally, you can still salvage your essay if you just do it by itself. By writing a very simple outline of what the essay is going to cover, and then improving the topics and changing some details along the way, you may be able to get it published and accepted. If you aren't sure, this is a great option because it's free!As you can see, no matter how much you hate your essay, you can still salvage it. You just need to do a little research, choose the best essay samples, and follow the rules.

The Geological Nature of Mine Hill Preserves, Connecticut Free Essay Example, 1250 words

The attempt of rifting was a successful attempt and helped create the Atlantic Ocean. The Atlantic Ocean continues to widen even today and expands the rate of 2 cm each year. In the present day, the segments of Rhode Island, the eastern part of Connecticut as well as the southeastern part of Massachusetts are the part of the landmass Avalonia. The eugeosyncline rocks and the miogeosyncline rocks which lie between Housatonic Islands and Avalonia are the only remnants of the Iapetus Ocean. The Cameron s Line is one of the most important features in the geology of Connecticut; however, Cameron s Line has been heavily folded in present time. The junction between the eugeosyncline and the miogeosyncline rocks in Mine Hill is indicated by Cameron s Line. The location of the Mine Hill is to the east of Cameron s Line and is characterized by metamorphosed eugeosynclinal deepwater sediments belonging to the Iapetus Ocean. There is also another important feature in the Mine Hill, Mine Hill Gr anite Gneiss. The Mine Hill Granite Gneiss is almost a 400 million old rock structure which is comprised of quartz, feldspar, and mica. We will write a custom essay sample on The Geological Nature of Mine Hill Preserves, Connecticut or any topic specifically for you Only $17.96 $11.86/page

The Art And Science Of Nursing - 1977 Words

The Art and Science of Nursing Nursing is a profession that has evolved greatly over time and encompasses many different roles. Initially, nurses were thought of as caregivers who followed the orders of physicians and had little autonomy. As the profession has grown, nurses now hold higher roles and increased responsibilities with regards to patient care. There are two sides to nursing, one includes the caring, compassionate, humanistic aspects and the other involves the skills-based, objective approach. The Art of Science and Nursing Defined The art of nursing as described by Toliuszis and Clementi, entails the emotional presence of the nurse and the provision of holistic care. The human connection between the nurse and the patient and the compassion a nurse shows to the patient while providing care are both considered as part of the art of nursing. This also includes the ability to provide care in a manner, which shows empathy, concern, and openness (2014). Palos goes on to describe the expectations that patients and their families have of their nurses, including that the nurse is caring, compassionate, and communicative. These qualities are viewed as essential in the provision of patient-centered care (2014). The science of nursing involves the knowledge, skills, performance, attitudes, the continued education, critical thinking, and implementation of evidenced-based practice. Nurses must stay current with scientific advances and engage in lifelong learningShow MoreRelatedI s Nursing an Art or Science1576 Words   |  7 Pages Is Nursing an Art or Science, or Both? NUR 1214 Abstract Nursing is defined and referred to as both an art and a science through theory and research in nursing practice. Although the science of nursing is grounded on the acquirement of knowledge and skills, along with theoretical understanding of nursing, but it is also described as ‘an experience lived between human beings’. Is Nursing an Art or Science, or Both? Introduction The terms science and art are essential for the nursing practiceRead MoreNursing as an Art and Science1150 Words   |  5 PagesTopic: The Art and Science of Nursing Name: Course: Instructor’s Name: Date: This paper seeks to explore Nursing practice in an attempt to demonstrate the change in perspective of the practice over the years from a traditional view to a more contemporary and realistic view. It will seek to achieve this by performing a literature review of two articles that not only talk but also define and distinguish nursing as both an art and a science and explore a nurses’ experience of being inRead MoreNursing As A Science And Art1439 Words   |  6 PagesQuestions to answer How nursing considered as a science and an art and discuss how the philosophy of nursing is applied to this definition. There is no contention that nursing is considered both as a science and art based on the dispensation of services to the community and patients. As a result of that, the paper seeks to explicitly elaborate the same by giving authentic distinction of why nursing is categorically classified on the two dynamics with a reflection of artistic and scientific intellectualismRead MoreArt And Science Of Nursing Essay2354 Words   |  10 PagesNursing practice is known as a combination of nursing knowledge and compassion in providing care and comfort to patients. Moreover, nursing practice has changed and developed into a dynamic profession to create a better health care environment. It is always essential to combine art and science aspects in nursing practice to help improve patients ‘outcomes. What is the art and science of nursing? Art and science of nursing is described in different ways through literature. According to Polos (2014)Read MoreThe Art and Science of Nursing670 Words   |  3 PagesWhat do we know about nursing? To what extent do we understand nursing? How can we decide if we do â€Å"know† what nursing is? These are questions asked when we are developing knowledge about Nursing as both an Art and Science. Nursing gathers it generalized knowledge from experience with unique individuals from sources such as everyday non-scientific knowledge yet nursing always return to the individual for the application of its knowledge. What is nursing science? Nursing science is defined accordingRead MoreArt And Science Of Nursing2238 Words   |  9 PagesArt and Science of Nursing For the 14th straight year, the public once again ranked nurses as most ethical and most trusted profession in the United States (Gallup, 2015). But what makes nurses the most ethical and most trusted profession? Is it the science of applying evidence-based practice? Is it the art of providing unwavering support and care to patients and their families? Or is it be both? The aim of this paper is to define the art and science of nursing, discuss its influences in currentRead MoreThe Art And Science Of Professional Nursing Practice1173 Words   |  5 PagesThe Art and Science of Professional Nursing Practice Frequently, nurses are considered the foundation of the healthcare industry and the stakes are high when certain qualities must be possessed when working with patients and providing quality care. Nurses have a profound ability to apply strong skill-based knowledge with a caring and compassionate attitude that can improve patient outcomes. They also play an important role that can positively or negatively affect the way patients and family membersRead MoreDefinition And Concepts Of Art And Science Of Nursing2271 Words   |  10 Pagesconcepts of art and science of nursing, how each of these concepts affects nursing practice based on literature, relate how they influence my current personal practice, identify the influences on the changing health care environment, and examine how my nursing practice has changed in the last five years. I will also discuss the strategies I have used to apply the art and science of nursing in my practice and identify the approach I will utilize after c ompleting my Bachelor of Science in Nursing (BSN).Read MoreEssay about Nursing: A Profession of Art and Science1114 Words   |  5 PagesNursing is a dynamic profession built upon a foundation of art and science. It has adapted to rapidly changing technology, rising patient acuity, and weathered the challenge of nursing shortages with an unwavering commitment to professionalism. In this paper I will discuss my beliefs and values, my vision for the future, and my strengths and limitation in pursuing my career goals. I will also reflect upon the influences that contributed to choosing nursing as a profession. Choice of Nursing InRead MoreThe Theory Of Humanistic Nursing1458 Words   |  6 Pagesand effective nursing practice is a combination of art and science. Both the art and science of nursing are employed when working with a patient on their health goals. The art of healing is the communicative and relationship building skills while the science of nursing is the technical skills related to the field. Throughout nursing history, theories have been developed that attempt to explain the role of the nurse. These theories often try to either explain the science or art of nursing. Some of these

Privacy And The Right Of Privacy - 993 Words

Everyone should have their own privacy in order to secure our personal and business. Most people do not like when some stranger is keep looking at you anything you do and talk. In 1984, that is called Big Brother is watching you through the telescreen. Telescreen can always see and hear whatever people are doing and privacy setting. There are no such as privacy and secrets because telescreens were everywhere such as streets, houses and restrooms. In 1984, the main character is Winston Smith who works at Ministry of the Truth. He believed that privacy should have in his society which against with Big Brother. Winston can not write his journals because writing journals are illegal. Therefore he needed to hide his journals in the corner of his house where telescreen could not see it. It can be sentenced by death and put in the labor campus for 25 years when people in 1984 who write journals. The right of privacy is most important than national security because citizens should have freed om, government has no right to control people’s business and people would be unsafe, unsecured under strict government. People who lived in 1984, their lives were so distressed because they could not do anything what they want because of the Big Brother. There were no freedom, sexuality act and power of citizens. They were be controlled by the government and were serving for them without any complaints. It was because the government made them to believe in the Party. Freedom is theShow MoreRelatedPrivacy And The Right Of Privacy Essay1057 Words   |  5 Pagesrelated to the topic like right to access to information, individual’s privacy. There is free flow of data and information on web which provides a great threat to the right of privacy. So sharing personal information with web at any stake is not what one can consider as wise decision. Privacy is individuals condition of life which is kept safe from rest of the world or Privacy is the right to be left alone. Carl Landwehr in his article â€Å"Privacy and Security† states that, â€Å"privacy is preserved when in-Read MorePrivacy And The Right Of Privacy1540 Words   |  7 Pagesdefinition, privacy is the ability of an individual to seclude themselves or information about themselves from the individuals around them or the community they live in. Almost all countries have laws in place to protect an individual’s privacy because it is under the illusion as a fundamental human right. In this paper, I will argue laws that establish the use of contraceptives and the right to receive an abortion as a right of privacy have failed to work within society, but if the right to autonomyRead MorePrivacy Is The Right Of Privacy920 Words   |  4 Pagesnot contain reference to privacy, but privacy has been implied in the constitution. Originally, privacy is the rig ht of everyone to be physically free from being observed or disturbed by other people. Technology has change the meaning of privacy when it became part of our daily life. Nowadays, one can be observed or disturbed through internet or any electronic devises. Privacy has become an issue for everyone when technology played a role on helping third party violate privacy; as a result, the constitutionRead MoreThe Right Of Privacy And Privacy1554 Words   |  7 PagesDo you believe the Board of Education violated her right to privacy? Were they justified in firing her? Explain two to three (2-3) major reasons why or why not. The right to privacy is a right that gives people the ability to control all the things that are a part of us. These include one’s identity, our body, thoughts, feelings, secrets, homes and property. The right to privacy gives people the ability to choose what can be accessed by others, while controlling the extent, timing and the use ofRead MorePrivacy Rights And The Privacy3319 Words   |  14 Pagescountries and organizations are approaching privacy issues along with my predictions how it will unfold the future There is a concern about many users privacy worldwide. Technology is constantly upgrading and internet is being used daily worldwide. Laws are constantly changing and there are many concerns about this. In this essay, I will be talking about why Companies are collecting data, laws regarding privacy policies and I will give prediction on how privacy issues will unfold in the future. WhatRead MoreThe Right to Privacy1287 Words   |  6 PagesThe Right to Privacy The Right to Privacy by Ellen Alderman and Caroline Kennedy involves many different issues, from drug tests and school searches to workplace and technology issues. To make their points Alderman and Kennedy have chosen interesting sometimes maddening cases involving everything from illegal strip searches by the Chicago police to questionable workplace psychological testing. People have different reactions to these issues and Kennedy and Alderman just don t have the solutionRead MoreThe Right to Privacy1152 Words   |  5 Pages Personal interest in the right to privacy has intensified in recent years along with the rapid development of new technologies. A century later, these concerns remain, but many others have joined them. Advances in information and communications technology have increased our ability to collect, store and transmit data about individuals. While these advances could be considered useful, some see them as a situation where anyone can watch and record the actio ns of every individual, and where theRead MoreThe Right to Privacy1258 Words   |  6 PagesIn this report I am going to talk about the rights people have to privacy and about the laws that go with privacy. Privacy is the thought that information that is confidential that is disclosed in a private place will not be available to third parties when the information would cause embarrassment or emotional distress to a person. The right of privacy is limited to people who are in a place that a person would reasonably expect to be private such as home, hotel room and even a telephone boothRead More The Right to Privacy Essay1259 Words   |  6 Pages nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;In this report I am going to talk about the rights people have to privacy and about the laws that go with privacy. Privacy is the thought that information that is confidential that is disclosed in a private place will not be available to third parties when the information would cause embarrassment or emotional distress to a person. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;The right of privacy is limited to people who are in a place that a person would reasonably expect to beRead MoreThe Right to Privacy Essay1252 Words   |  6 PagesPrivacy Laws - For Privacy laws are established because people have a right to privacy, to an extent. For many years people have argued over their privacy rights, from online videos, to people spying on them, even people stealing internet. People think that they should be completely secluded from others seeing what they’re doing, but in all reality, there’s no stopping people from seeing what you are doing. With more people using the flaws within our media and lives, we as a society must come to

Does Household Structure Cause a Child to Become a Violent...

Single-parent households solely influence children to become abusers of their spouses, children and themselves and are expected to experience domestic violence in their lives. Rather than having the balance of a two-parent home, single-parented children are constantly exposed to stress and ultimately become abusers themselves. This leads to a vicious and continuous cycle that could lead to the destruction of generations thereafter. The trend of single-parent households are drastically increasing every year. One out of every two children will live with a single-parent at some time before they reach the age of 18 years old. The United States Census Bureau reported in 2002 that about 20 million children (more than one-fourth of all the†¦show more content†¦Another reason why single-parent households exist can be caused by financial situations. The couple may be hindered in certain ways while trying to provide for the family but may be unsuccessful. This may result in instab ility within the couple’s relationship and cause strain that ultimately can lead to the couple separating. This can leave a profound effect on the parent that was left behind and also have an enormous effect on the children in terms of their well-being and their care. Lastly, a death of a spouse or family member can cause separation between partners because it is another source of strain and stress within a relationship. Another reason that single-parent households exist are because of accidental, unplanned teenage pregnancies. Many teenagers are casual and careless when it comes to condom use and are unmarried. Brady E. Hamilton, Joyce A. Martin, and Stephanie J. Ventura of the CDC report that birthrates for teenagers age 15 to 19 are 73 births per 1,000 (National Vital Statistics Reports, vol. 56, no. 7, December 5, 2007) and are highest within the African-American race. Teenagers that are left to raise a child by themselves are commonly found in lower class, low-inc ome, crime and poverty stricken areas because fathers are more likely to be incarcerated or have no desire to be involved with their children’s mothers. Professor ofShow MoreRelatedCan Single-Parent Households Influence Adolescents To Become Abusers?1099 Words   |  5 PagesSingle-parent households can influence adolescents to become abusers of their spouses, children and themselves and are expected to experience domestic violence in their lives. Rather than having the balance of a two-parent home, single-parented adolescents are constantly exposed to stressors and ultimately become abusers themselves. This leads to a vicious and continuous cycle that could lead to the destruction of generations thereafter. The trend of single-parent households are drastically increasingRead MoreThe Long Term Effects Of Childhood Abuse1562 Words   |  7 Pagesalso represents a serious public health concern, with an estimated 3.3 million referrals to child protective agencies for suspected child maltreatment in 2005† (Bentley Widom, 2009). Those children who are abused eventually become adults whom suffered from childhood trauma. Although a trauma may be considered to be in the past, for many the scars are ever so present when moving throughout life. Individuals who haven’t be exposed to high doses of stress and trauma are ready to go into fight or flightRead MorePoverty and a Lack of Education are Fueling Juvenile Crime A 6 page essay arguing that juvenile crime is directly related to poverty and poor education.1698 Words   |  7 Pagesmatter in America. Anyone who watches the news on television or reads the newspapers is well aware of the urgency and intensity of Americas juvenile c rime problem. Effectively establishing the causes of juvenile crime may help to deter it in the future. A proper solution cannot be executed until the root causes and reasons are exposed. There are undoubtedly many factors contributing to juvenile crime, but the focus should be on those which contribute the most. The two factors which come most readilyRead MoreAnalysis Of The Book Five Faces Of Oppression By Charles W. Mills1050 Words   |  5 PagesMarian Young discusses oppression brought on by racism having five faces that constructs a society and shapes an individual in the book â€Å"Five Faces of Oppression† While some might say it is a social construct, it does not exist and if it does it is only meant to encourages people of a lower class to work harder, racism is a form of discrimination and needs to be put to an end. Racism causes inequality and oppresses certain groups of people. It leads a belief that one’s own race is superior, createsRead MoreTough Guise 2 Essay1375 Words   |  4 Pagesï » ¿Individual Society – Film Assignment: â€Å"Tough Guise 2† No matter what, we are almost always talking about violence masculinity in America. Whether we are talking about the horrifying, high-profile mass shooting we have seen over recent decades, the far greater rates of murder and gun violence we see on a day – to – day basis that barely register in the national news, or the epidemic of sexual violence and domestic violence, the vast majority of this violence is committed by men, youngRead MorePoverty in America: Government Welfare Programs are the Solution1501 Words   |  7 Pagestime. Poverty is losing a child to illness brought about by unclean water. Poverty is powerlessness, lack of representation and freedom† (The World Bank, 2009). People are deemed poor if their incomes are insufficient to obtain the basic necessitates for themselves or their families. The most common and stereotypic explanation of poverty is the poor cause their own poverty because in America anything is possible if you want it. This â€Å"blame the poor† point of view is does not apply to all povertyRead MoreIntroduction . Cases Of Antisocial Personality Disorder1112 Words   |  5 PagesIntroduction Cases of antisocial personality disorder among the people have become a common phenomenon in many parts of the world. In most cases, children who suffer from conduct disorder end up developing this health problem (Mayo Clinic staff, 2016). It is noted that the advent of antisocial personality starts with disruptive behavior which in most cases is coupled with rude behavior such as involvement in violent and criminal activities. It is evident that this antisocial personality not onlyRead MoreDescribe and Assess the Evidence That Socialisation Plays a Major Part in Determining Human Behaviour.1735 Words   |  7 Pagesduring socialisation that individuals learn the values and norms that play such an important part in shaping human behaviour. Socialisation provides the skills and habits necessary for acting and participating within one’s society. Charles Cooley divided socialisation into two stages – primary and secondary socialisation. Primary socialisation is the early years of our socialisation. It occurs when a child learns the attitudes, values and actions appropriate to individuals as members of a particularRead MoreIt s More Than A Game1258 Words   |  6 Pagesviolence can become almost a culture in itself, and that it twists not all but many of the people who are trapped in it† (Irankunda). Thus, he was disgusted by the American desire for warlike video games. The United States of America was developed through violence. As America continues to grow, so does the violence in video games and in our society. In 1952, the American society changed when A. S. Douglas invented the first computer game, Noughts and Crosses. Since then, video games have become apart ofRead MoreParenting Styles and Their Effects on Children1545 Words   |  7 Pagesdefines who you become, reflects your culture and represents values important in a family. Parenting style has a long term impact on a child’s development, success and outlook on life. The three styles of parenting are permissive parenting/hands-off parenting , authoritarian parenting, authoritative parenting .Studies revealed that the authoritative parenting style results in the highest success rates for their children in school and in social aspects, thus creating a stable child (Lloyd, Carol.2012)

My Travels Abroad Essay Example For Students

My Travels Abroad Essay English 110130 January 2004I am a former United States Navy Sailor and a Disabled Veteran with fourteen years of proud service to my country. When friends ask me about my military service, they often ask me about the places and countries I have visited. After sailing the Seven Seas with my fellow shipmates, I now realize that I have seen more of the world than most people has ever dreamed of seeing. My journey began in the Summer of 1981, when I enlisted in the United States Navy. Shortly thereafter I completed boot camp at the Naval Training Center in Orlando, Florida. I then went on to Hospital Corpsman technical training at San Diego, California. In the Fall, of that same year, I received my first set of travel orders assigning me to the aircraft carrier USS Forrestal in Jacksonville, Florida. After months of intense training exercises in the frigid weather of the North Atlantic, our ship along with the rest of the 6th Fleet received orders to deploy immediately to the Mediterranean region. It took four horrendous days to cross the raging twenty foot waves of the North Atlantic Ocean. Despite the turbulent weather, we finally arrived into the beautiful blue waters of the Mediterranean Sea. My shipmates and I were so full of excitement to see where and when our first port visit would be. The purposes of port visits are to show our presence, be ambassadors of goodwill, and show proudly that we are interested in fostering stronger ties with each country we visit U.S. Sailors bring messages of peace, friendship and an opportunity to find common ground. After the first couple of months of extensive exercises outside Lebanon, our ship was finally granted liberty calls in the following ports: Naples, Italy; Istanbul, Turkey; Barcelona, Spain; and Athens, Greece. Following a couple weeks of fun and relaxation it was time to continue our mission. Our ship received orders to travel through the Suez Canal which divided the countries of Syria and Egypt. Upon completing our transit through the Suez Canal and entering the Indian Ocean, our ship returned to the Mediterranean Sea. Before exiting the Suez Canal our ship made a port visit to Alexandria, Egypt. Finally, in the last couple of months of our busy deployment, our ship steamed into the ports of Beinidorm, Spain; Toulon, France; Marseille, France. The experiences I encountered during my visits to these wonderful and mysticalcountries was overwhelming. I visited many historical locations throughout Europe during my travels abroad. Among my visits to these fabulous countries, I would sayItaly was my favorite place. The Italians are quick to laugh and make friends. Theylove their food and wine. Naples is home to spaghetti and pizza. Being Catholic myself, I feel I have a spiritual bond to the Vatican in Rome. It is full of legends and miracles. For the traveler, the history of the world can be experienced and re-lived through the buildings and artifacts found all over the world. After returning from overseas, I realized that I have acquired a vast amount of experience and knowledge of other cultures. Speaking for myself, I have been married to a beautiful French girl for fourteenwonderful years. To this day I still love to speak of my travels abroad.

Present and evaluate a couple of Nietzsches Essay Example For Students

Present and evaluate a couple of Nietzsches Essay However, if suffering includes unpleasantries such as the above, then Nietzsche is most likely correct, as most, if not all of mans inventions have been created in order to abolish slight, or significant problems and discomforts. On the other hand, I think that Nietzsche generalizes, and uses the word improvements far too freely. Humanity has not only improved the world through inventions, but also through art, culture, knowledge, music, etc. Are we to say that these things are too caused by suffering? This is most certainly not true. Art and music, for example, are an expression of the creative side of human nature, and I would go so far as to say that they are assisted and inspired by compassion, among various other human emotions that Nietzsche seems to think of as a weakness. Does he not contradict himself? How can an improvement be caused by a weakness? Compassion, is basically just like any other emotion, and does not deserve the harsh attack unleashed by Nietzsche. What I mean by this is, every human emotion, no matter how good it is thought to be, has the capacity to be used for evil. For example there are many stories of a man or woman doing horrible things to their partner out of love, including stalking, or murder, so that they can be together forever. Love can be a great weakness, prone to be used as a tool of blackmail, and making people act without thinking, as if blinded by love. What then, is so awful about pity and compassion? Another major, reoccurring weakness that I have found in many of Nietzsches arguments is his tendency to generalize, assume, and not to make exceptions for his rules. For example, what does he mean by pity and compassion? It seems to me like he uses it in the context of a person literally offering their assistance to anther. But assistance, too, can have many meanings. By that I mean that you can feel pity or compassion for another human, but helping them does not always have to be the physical assistance to their problem. You can help someone a great deal out of compassion or pity by realizing that helping them would not be beneficial for them in the long run, and keeping out of the problem, ie, assisting them through not helping so that they may learn the error of their ways. Nietzsche incorrectly seems to think that this is always the case. Nietzsche, who glories in the triumph of the strong over the weak in the struggle for life, (Carus, P. pg. 32) puts forward the absurd idea that one will always grow stronger if not assisted by others. I call this idea absurd because this is clearly not true. In actual fact on many occasions this is completely the opposite, a person will grow stronger through the assistance of others. Is a dying man, lying bleeding in the street to benefit from others simply walking past him? Will the assistance of a friend in hooking you up for a job consequently make you weaker? In both cases it can be seen that the life of the assisted will be improved, not hindered. This is my greatest criticism of Nietzsche. The fact that he seems to make all these wild accusations and rules, without really researching all the other possibilities. Although I agree with Nietzsche that compassion, just like any other human emotion should be controlled to an extent, (Depending on the situation) so that it may be used to do good, not evil, I know that if I had to choose somebody to teach me about the values of compassion, I would certainly pick Jesus over Friedrich Nietzsche.

Narative Descriptive Essay Sample Forth Grade

Narative Descriptive Essay Sample Forth GradeUsing a Narative Descriptive Essay Sample forth Grade will make a college application a breeze. Here is how to write the perfect essay for your college application.Writing a college application can be time consuming and frustrating, but not if you can use Narative Descriptive Essay Sample forth Grade as a guide. This essay is very easy to understand and you will be surprised at how easy it is to use, when you know how to use it.College applicants need to be ready for anything year round, and the first thing that every college considers is character. The good news is that they do not have to worry about this one bit, because you can learn how to write a successful Narative Descriptive Essay Sample forth Grade and you can use this information each and every time. They will notice your personality as you go along and they will want to know more about you. It is easier to have this type of information than most people realize.You may think tha t you need to be very gifted when it comes to writing, but you do not need to be. Students who are having trouble getting their essays approved always turn to this essay sample forth Grade. If they can read this and know how to use it, they will feel like they have done much better.I know that your question is, 'What is the word limit?' Well, it is quite simple, only use up to 75 words on your Narative Descriptive Essay Sample forth Grade. Most students are using less words and they are happy with this length, but of course, they will still be trying to get their essay approved.Since you will not be able to use all the information in the essay before your final exam, it is important that you spend some time learning to use some of the basics. Some students start out by showing an example of how they went about writing the Narative Descriptive Essay Sample forth Grade. Then, they go on to work on the other parts of the essay that they have learned to use, in preparation for their fin al exam.A successful application is something that a student has no problem achieving. It is easy to learn how to write this type of essay when you find a Narative Descriptive Essay Sample forth Grade that fits your needs.So, if you are looking for the right essay for your Narative Descriptive Essay Sample for The Grade, you need to make sure that you use a Narative Descriptive Essay Sample for The Grade and find one that fits your needs. Use your knowledge of grammar and sentence structure, and be sure that you know how to use each part of the essay.

Writing Successful Introductory Paragraphs Essays - Writing

Writing Successful Introductory Paragraphs In the most abstract sense, the function of an introductory paragraph is to move the reader from the world of daily life into the textual and analytical space of an essay. In a more concrete sense, an introduction performs three essential functions: 1) it clearly and specifically states the topic or question that you will address in your essay; 2) it motivates topic or question that the essay will examine; and 3) it states, clearly and directly, your position on this topic or question (i.e. your thesis). Conceptual Components Persona - While reading your introduction, your reader will begin to make assumptions about you as an author. Be sure to project yourself as a thoughtful, knowledgeable, and nonbiased writer capable of dealing effectively with the complexities and nuances of your topic. Your introduction should set the tone that will remain consistent throughout your essay. In addition to emphasizing the uniqueness of your approach to your subject matter, you should seek to draw your reader into your essay with the gracefulness of your prose and the rational demeanor you project as a writer. Contextualization - In addition to stating the topic and scope of your analysis, your introduction should provide your readers with any background or context necessary to understand how your argument fits into the larger discourse on the subject. The details you use to orient your reader with your topic should be woven throughout the structural components of your introduction listed below. Structural Components Opener - In addition to grabbing the reader's attention, the opening sentence of an essay sets up the structure of the introductory paragraph. You want to create movement among your ideas, which is best done by moving either from the particular to the general or from the general to the particular. Essays which move from the particular to the general often begin with an anecdote, quotation, fact, or detail from the text that can be used to introduce readers to the larger issues the essay will address. Introductions that move from the general to the particular-typically referred to as the funnel structure-often begin with a wider view of the topic that will be used to establish a context for the more localized argument that the author will present. Topic or Purpose - The introductory paragraph must leave the reader with a clear understanding of the specific subject area that your essay will investigate. Defining your essay's scope in this way often requires distinguishing your specific focus from the larger discourse on your topic. Though this is not always essential, many essays include a purpose statement that tells the reader directly: "this paper examines..." or "the aim of this essay is to..." Motive - The motive is a specific sentence, usually near the middle of your introduction, that clarifies for the reader why your thesis is interesting, non-obvious, and/or contestable. In essence, your motive answers the question "so what?" that a reader might ask of your thesis. Because they show that the truth about a subject is not as clear as it might seem, motive statements often employ terms of reversal-"yet," "but," "however," &c.-that reflect a departure from the obvious. Thesis Statement - The thesis statement is the central claim your essay will make about your chosen topic. Since the topic area must first be described and motivated, the thesis statement is usually placed near the end of the introduction. Roadmap - Though this is often unnecessary in shorter papers, essays that are long (7+ pages) or especially complex are often easier for the reader to understand if the author offers some preview of the essay's structure at the beginning of the paper. In especially long essays (20+ pages), this outline of the essay's structure may demand a paragraph of its own (usually the second paragraph).

Impact of Structural Adjustment on Economic Performance

Impact of Structural Adjustment on Economic Performance Free Online Research Papers THE IMPACT OF STRUCTURAL ADJUSTMENT ON ECONOMIC PERFORMANCE (CONTROL GROUP BEFORE AND AFTER ANALYSES) By Misbah Nosheen PhD scholar: Federal Urdu University of Arts Science Technology Islamabad Lecturer in Economics: International Islamic University Islamabad. Javed Iqbal PhD scholar: Federal Urdu University of Arts Science Technology Islamabad Research Officer: Economic Affair Division (EAD) Islamabad ABSTRACT Are adjustment policies helpful or hamper growth? This paper presents data on economic performance (aggregate and sectoral growth, inflation, investment and external account) for 8 countries. The data are classified on an annual basis according to the country’s policy stance in that year: weak reformers, moderate reformers and strong reformers. This approach allows both control-group and before and after analyses. The evidence suggests three hypotheses. First, countries with weak reforms have performed betterly in comparison with those that have moved to greater market orientation. Countries ranked with a policy score of 1 perform well on all indicators, other than investment growth and export growth, than those with scores of 3. Second, economic performance does not differ greatly between moderate and strong ones. But in case of inflation there is a significant difference between group 2 and group 3. The third hypothesis follows from noting that there is little difference in agricultural growth, manufacturing growth and overall growth among 3 groups. It is surprising that manufacturing growth is greater in case of weak reforms. New prescriptive ideas on reforms have tended to be realistic, emphasizing that reforms need to be modified to country circumstances. 1. INTRODUCTION During the 1990s there were intense changes in the national policy environment in many less developed countries. These changes were mainly brought about within the framework of structural adjustment programmes guided by the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank. The process began in early 1980s with the Bank structural adjustment loans. Yet there is a question as to the economic impact of these policies: specifically do they support or hinder growth as compared with the pre reform situation? To this end, paper presents evidence from 8 developing countries. As explained earlier data were collected on macro-economic variables and classified on an annual basis according to the country’s policy stance in that particular year. The focus of this paper is on isolating the economic impact of economic reform. These data were used for control group comparisons and to do before and after analysis. Section 2 begins with an overview of policy reform in developing countries before moving in Section 3 to a presentation of the results dealing with overall growth, inflation, investment and sectoral growth in agriculture and manufacturing. Section 4 concludes on the suitable design of adjustment. 2. POLICY REFORM IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES: AN OVERVIEW The term adjustment in the discussion of international development agencies refers to a set of economic reforms that nudge the economy toward market based development. Specifically they aim to achieve internal and external balance by reduction of the fiscal and trade deficits, trade liberalization and export expansions as opposed to import substitutions. During the last more than two decades almost all developing countries have taken steps toward economic liberalization achieving the stated policy objectives. But these changes have resulted in different outcomes. It is instructive in this context to refer to an analysis of six African countries, Engberg-Pedersen et al. (1996) who distinguish three stages of adjustment: (1) stabilisation, agricultural price reform and some trade liberalisation; (2) internal trade liberalisation, investment promotion and social dimensions of adjustment; and (3) public sector reform, beginning with the banking sector and civil service, and social expend iture rationalisation. The experience of the 8 countries shows that there are divergences in the experiences of economic policy reforms with respect to the pre assigned target variables. The main push for reforms has begun at different times in these countries; but all of them have undertaken market based reforms during the last more than two and a half of decades. It is certainly the case that tariff reforms and agricultural price liberalization have been spearheaded the reforms; along with some change in exchange rate policy. Experience with stabilisation has not so uniform for instance, stablisation in many cases has been attempted at the outset of adjustment but not always successfully. Most frequently, it has been turned out to be more of a problem than a solution of the problem. Indeed, this unpleasant experience has forced the IMF to deemphasize this aspect to spearhead structural reforms. It is certainly the case that privatisation and public sector reform come at the tail end of the reforms and ha ve not been carried out in all countries (especially public sector reform). The practice of trade liberalization and market-oriented economic reform that had launched in many developing countries in early 1980s intensified in the 1990s. The reform undertaken varied in ownership and contents in different countries. The reforming countries can be divided into three groups. The first group consists of a number of countries in East Asia which continued their own dynamic industrial and trade policies initiated in 1960s. The second group includes a large number of countries, mostly in Africa and Asia, which have gone through the reform programmes designed and dictated by the IFIs. The third group comprises a number of Latin American countries that undertook economic reform since early 1980s, initially under pressure from international financial institutions. Nevertheless, in 1990s they intensified the reform process without having been necessarily under pressure of those institutions in all cases. The contents and philosophy of their reform programmes were, howeve r, similar to those designed by the international financial institutions which in turn have been referred to as the â€Å"Washington Consensus† since the early 1990s. Universal and uniform trade liberalization was a part of the Washington Consensus. The term Universal implies that all developing countries are to follow the same trade policy regime i.e they are required to liberalize trade and capital flows irrespective of their levels of development and industrial capacities. The term Uniform implies that all sectors and industries are to be subject to the same tariff rates i.e, preferably a zero rate, or a very low rate. Apart from trade liberalization, such reform programmes included mainly: capital account liberalization, devaluation at the early stages of reform to compensate for trade liberalization, fiscal and financial reform through contractionary macroeconomic policies such as budget cuts, increase in interest rates and privatization. As for the timing of reform, there seems to be something of a regional pattern to it, although with significant exceptions. Asian countries began reform earlier (Sri Lanka in 1977, Bangladesh, India and Pakistan relaxed controls somewhat in the 1980s, although in all cases more intensive reform began in 1991). â€Å"Policy scores† have been based on the degree of reform of the exchange rate, trade, price policy, finance, fiscal policy, private sector development, privatization and public sector undertaking by different countries. The score 1 is corresponding to weak reform, 2 to moderate reform and 3 to strong reform for each country. Figure 1 shows the average score across the 8 countries since 1980, giving a strong graphical evidence of the world trend towards reform. There has been a continuous increase in the average policy score, with a sharp incline in 1990 and 1991, when several countries intensified their reform efforts. It may be noted that a higher score means that it has become more market oriented; whether or not it has assured better growth and lower poverty remains to be analyzed in the present study. Figure: 1 Average Policy Score for 8 Countries Table: 1 Aid Per Capita ($ Per Person) by Policy Score (1980-2007) 1 2 3 Mean 10.204 8.739 8.239 Median 10.449 2.0741 3.787 Standard deviation 6.155 11.469 11.841 No of observations 19 55 150 Source: Calculated by author Table: 2 Before and After Comparisons of Aid Per Capita ($ Per Person) (1980-2007) Country Before reforms After reforms Mean Median Stand Dev Mean Median Stand Dev Argentina 2.061 1.598 1.305 3.839 2.867 2.119 Bangladesh 15.331 15.499 2.679 10.941 10.204 3.012 Brazil 1.317 1.282 0.477 1.068 1.131 0.736 Chile -0.431 -0.639 0.499 6.527 7.075 3.965 India 2.353 2.277 0.407 1.651 1.609 0.677 Pakistan 10.272 9.645 2.350 8.826 7.999 3.132 Sri Lanka 31.659 29.560 5.563 33.673 30.536 17.483 Venezuela 0.865 0.884 0.194 2.035 1.854 0.796 Source: Calculated by author This section will often compare indicators for countries with different policy scores. Table 1 provides the example of aid per capita given to the sample countries. Aid per capita dealings the net official development assistance (net of repayment of principal) available per person in each country receiving foreign aid. Data are specified in current U.S. dollars per person . The averages (both mean and median) shown here have been calculated across all available observations, so a country can enter the data set up to 28 times (the data cover 1980-2007) though, of course, it will appear in a different column depending on its policy score for that year. It may be surprising that average aid is higher for 1 than for 2 and 3. This result is partly explained by the fact that bilateral conditionality came in during the 1980s, so that poor performers could still get high aid in the early part of the decade. But once conditionality started, many of the home grown reform efforts were not rewarded by the international community. Aid flows only resumed once an International Financial Institution (IFI)-backed programme was started. Table 2 shows the before and after analysis of aid per capita. It presents more or less the same picture as shown by table 1. 3. ECONOMIC IMPACT OF ADJUSTMENT POLICIES BY KEY VARIABLES 3.1 Overview Table 3 presents a summary of the main results from the control group analyses, which are explored in more detail below. I have suggested three hypotheses. First, countries with weak reforms have performed better in comparison with those that have moved to greater market orientation. As compare to countries with score of 3, than with a policy score of 1 perform well on all indicators, other than investment growth and export growth. Second, economic performance does not differ greatly between moderate reformers (score 2) and strong reformers (within score of 1) ones. But in case of inflation there is a significant difference between group 2 and group 3. This finding is partly explained by the fact that some countries which have carried out quite far-reaching reforms have seen only insignificant impact on their growth rates but a greater impact on their inflation. The third hypothesis follows from noting that there is not much difference in agricultural growth, manufacturing growth and overall growth among 3 groups. It is not surprising but may be important that manufacturing growth is greater in case of weak reforms. Table: 3 Summary of Control Group Analysis by Types of Reformers (1980-2007)(Median Scores) 1 2 3 Growth 5.181 4.141 5.123 Inflation 26.536 10.726 93.801 Investment rate 18.482 21.094 21,656 Export growth 3.601 5.203 7.832 Agricultural growth 3.658 2.609 3,167 Manufacturing growth 7.033 4.661 5.259 Source: Calculated by author 3.2 Growth The data presented in Table 3 show that growth performance has been weaker the greater the degree of reform in the control countries. Moreover, the results are the same. Countries with policy score 3 perform significantly better than moderate reformers: the t-statistic for the difference in means between 3 and 2 is 2.537 and that for 3 and 1 is 0.721. So there is no significant difference in growth performance between weak and strong reformers. Table: 4 Control Group Analysis of Real GDP Growth by Type of Reformers (1980 to 2007) 1 2 3 Mean 5.344 2.810 4.591 Median 5.181 4.141 5.123 Standard deviation 2.218 4.411 4.467 No of Observations 19 55 150 Source: Calculated by author The data in Tables 3 and 4 are simple control group comparisons; we are comparing various degrees of adjustment (between different countries and different periods for the same country) without any reference to other factors. Table 5 presents a before-and-after analysis, which does control for country specific, but not other, factors. Chile is experiencing stronger growth with reform. Argentina and Venezuela have a moderate reforme growth. Brazil has declined in growth (relatively). The South Asian countries Bangladesh, India, Pakistan and Sri Lanka have all maintained comparable growth rates regardless of policy stance; indeed they are lower in the case of Pakistan. In case of India, Sri Lanka and Bangladesh it has improved upon with reforms. Thus it seems that some countries have experienced growth with reform, whereas others have not. Table: 5 Before and After Growth Performance (Growth of Real GDP per Annum) (1980-2007) Country Before reforms After reforms Mean Median Stand Dev Mean Median Stand Dev Argentina 0.026 2.212 5.346 4.076 5.836 7.639 Bangladesh 3.465 3.732 1.444 5.124 5.228 0.776 Brazil 2.954 3.600 5.042 2.207 2.439 2.357 Chile 1.350 4.737 8.127 6.116 6.352 2.860 India 5.887 5.809 1.739 6.599 7.129 2.681 Pakistan 6.646 6.538 1.665 4.751 4.847 2.377 Sri Lanka 4.350 4.814 1.553 4.946 5.362 1.918 Venezuela 0.770 0.193 3.937 2.962 3.687 7.462 Source: Calculated by author 3.3 Inflation Stabilisation is considered a pre-requisite for growth, as high levels of inflation create uncertainty by confusing price signals. An important focus of the stabilization programme is to bring the rate of inflation under check. Most studies find that inflation has been brought down when stabilisation has been pursued. As shown in Table 3, this view is not supposed by the experience of our sample of 8 countries. Median inflation in strong reforming countries is more than three times greater than that in weak reforming ones and it is more than two times in weak reforms as compared with moderate reform ones. The region of Latin America has a history of fiscal wastefulness, in which deficits were covered by printing money resulting in high inflation, and in extreme cases, hyperinflation or by tapping financial markets, leading to exploding debt ratios, often ending in debt crises. Despite a fall in aid during the 1990s, inflation in Bangladesh dropped from double to single digits because of a reduction in the budget deficit resulting from a rise in tax revenue and increased foreign financing. First, there was a devaluation of the exchange rate, which was then fixed, and wage and price controls were maintained in order to ‘break inflationary expectations’. Increases in some prices however, led to a gradual appreciation and overvaluation. In the wake of further devaluation in 1993 inflation increased and can be seen to have followed closely the rate of nominal devaluation. Table 6 represents the control group analysis of inflation. Results show that inflation has been higher as the degrees of reform proceed. Table 7 shows completely the sane picture. Table: 6 Control Group Analysis of Inflation (CPI) by Type of Reformers (1980 to 2007) 1 2 3 Mean 27.208 18.307 89.877 Median 26.536 10.726 93.802 Standard deviation 8.025 19.815 51.690 No of Observations 19 55 150 Source: Calculated by author Table: 7 Before and After Comparisons of Inflation [CPI (2000=100)] (1980-2007) Country Before reforms After reforms Mean Median Stand Dev Mean Median Stand Dev Argentina 0.005 0.000 0.011 103.939 100.670 42.792 Bangladesh 41.543 41.598 12.400 97.840 97.839 26.100 Brazil 0.000 0.000 0.000 81.179 89.091 58.763 Chile 9.216 8.427 2.572 74.811 83.534 34.525 India 29.164 28.084 7.864 91.446 96.145 26.567 Pakistan 30.259 29.890 6.204 92.915 95.816 29.140 Sri Lanka 23.409 22.098 8.131 101.405 94.183 41.592 Venezuela 0.577 0.510 0.228 96.141 69.638 97.311 Source: Calculated by author Table 7 presents before and after comparisons of inflation. It shows that all the sampling countries have experienced higher inflation after reforms. In case of Latin American countries (Argentina, Brazil and Venezuela) the condition is severe. 3.4 Investment The role of investment in promoting economic growth has received considerable attention in many countries around the world. The link between investment and growth is well established. The early Domar-Harrod models specified investment as the key to promoting economic growth. The data from the countries studied shows that the investment rate gets higher with increased degrees of reforms. Based on both the mean and the median, the investment rate appears to be about 19 per cent in weak reformers and a little over 21 per cent in moderate reformers and this difference is insignificant as t value is 1.517. But the difference between weak and strong reformers is significant with t value 2.445. Table 9 shows a really very mixed picture comparing before and after reforms. Bangladesh, Chile and India have significantly improved their investment growth with reforms. Argentina, Sri Lanka and Venezuela have declined in their investment growth as reform process moves on. Brazil has a slight impro vement while Pakistan works with almost same investment rate from weak to strong reform process. Table: 8 Simple Control group comparisons for investment rate (Per cent of GNP) by Type of Reformers (1980 to 2007) 1 2 3 Mean 19.234 20.903 21.901 Median 18.482 21.094 21.656 Standard deviation 4.032 4.164 4.532 No of observations 19 55 150 Source: Calculated by author Table: 9 Before and after comparisons of investment rate (per cent of GNP) (1980-2007) Country Before reforms After reforms Mean Median Stand Dev Mean Median Stand Dev Argentina 20.422 19.964 2.536 18.118 18.014 3.875 Bangladesh 16.536 16.701 0.921 21.541 22.193 2.819 Brazil 20.363 21.094 2.829 21.047 21.118 1.268 Chile 15.706 13.677 5.811 23.368 22.991 2.682 India 22.222 22.410 1.743 26.544 24.777 5.438 Pakistan 18.698 18.774 0.383 17.920 17.375 1.401 Sri Lanka 25.749 23.660 4.005 25.307 25.136 2.527 Venezuela 22.430 24.425 5.258 21.246 21.485 5.817 Source: Calculated by author 3.5 External Account and Debt Trade liberalisation measures cover exchange rate liberalisation (usually devaluation), the reform of the system of distributing foreign exchange, liberalisation of domestic factor markets, import liberalisation and moves from non-tariff restrictions towards tariffs. All these are designed to create incentives by improving the profitability of tradables relative to non-tradables, thus rewarding exporters and punishing importers. Caballero and Pangeas (2006) calculate that for a country like Chile, with good fundamentals, hedging the probability of suffering a sudden stop the debt flow can be equivalent to a reduction in the stock of debt of 10 percentage points of GDP. However, IDB (2007) shows that the benefit of debt reduction varies by country, depending on the current stock of debt and the quality of policies and institutions. They show recent empirical estimates that have found a non-linear relationship between external debt levels and growth levels of debt appear to be beneficial for growth up to a point, and then the correlation turns negative. The problem is that estimates for this turning point range between 10 and 60% of GDP. In addition, Imbs and Ranciere (2005) find that the threshold level at which debt becomes negative for growth is higher for countries with better institutions. To make an optimistic calculation, assume that Latin American countries are in the negative coefficient territory of the above non-linear relationship between debt and growth, so reducing debt would be beneficial – a not too unreasonable assumption, given an average level of external debt to GDP of almost 50% in 2004, excluding Argentina and Nicaragua that were above 110%. Following IDB (2007), this would mean that a 10 percentage point reduction in the debt / GDP ratio could generate a growth benefit of around 0.8 percentage points per year. However, the shakiness of this estimate cannot be stressed enough (Miguel Braun, 2007). Table: 10 Control Group Analysis of Current Account Deficit (As percentage of GDP) by Type of Reformers (1980 to 2007) 1 2 3 Mean -2.318 -2.999 -1.594 Median -2.428 -2.791 -2.424 Standard deviation 1.337 1.984 3.457 No of Observations 19 55 150 Source: Calculated by author Table: 11 Before and After Comparisons of Current Account Deficit (As percentage of GDP) (1980-2007) Country Before reforms After reforms Mean Median Stand Dev Mean Median Stand Dev Argentina -3.244 -2.791 1.829 -0.105 -1.703 4.068 Bangladesh -2.457 -2.428 1.502 -0.237 -0.080 1.040 Brazil -2.267 -1.981 2.600 -1.084 -0.356 2.403 Chile -9.548 -9.466 3.446 -2.357 -1.604 2.433 India -1.667 -1.822 0.549 0.037 -0.685 1.657 Pakistan -2.855 -3.331 1.261 -1.296 -2.742 3.731 Sri Lanka -7.321 -6.511 4.319 -3.443 -3.229 2.057 Venezuela 1.075 5.298 6.657 6.629 5.128 7.198 Source: Calculated by author Analysis of the external account is made difficult by the fact that reform efforts are often accompanied by an aid inflow, which necessarily worsens the current account. Nonetheless, we find a significant improvement in the current accounts of reforming countries compared to weak reformers. These results suggest that there may have been some improvement in exports and this is indeed shown by data on export performance (Tables 12 and 13). Table: 12 Simple Control group comparisons for Export Growth by Type of Reformers (1980 to 2007) 1 2 3 Mean 6.229 5.886 8.281 Median 3.601 5.204 7.832 Standard deviation 10.026 10.618 7.802 No of observations 19 55 150 Source: Calculated by author Table: 13 Before and after real export growth (1980-2007) Country Before reforms After reforms Mean Median Stand Dev Mean Median Stand Dev Argentina 2.725 2.583 9.524 8.246 7.647 7.088 Bangladesh 7.167 7.899 9.510 11.655 13.222 8.506 Brazil 11.088 14.332 12.912 8.160 9.250 5.626 Chile 3.476 4.716 8.498 8.801 8.148 3.512 India 5.933 7.250 6.108 13.251 13.782 9.987 Pakistan 9.789 11.990 13.201 7.765 7.573 11.317 Sri Lanka 5.954 4.999 3.359 6.638 6.263 5.307 Venezuela -0.850 -3.101 10.175 2.664 5.754 8.857 Source: Calculated by author Exports analysis of average real export growth across the 8 countries since 1980 given in Table 12 shows that export growth performance is significantly stronger the greater the degree of reform across the sample as a whole. The t-statistic at the 20 per cent level for the difference in means between 2 and 3 is 1.75 but that for 1 and 2 is 0.123. The country-specific comparisons of export growth in periods of before and after comparisions, gives a clear picture. For 6 of the countries (Argentina, Bangladesh, Chile, India, Sri Lanka and Venezuela) export growth appears to be greater during periods of after reform than during before reform. Indias main success in trade reform has been in the area of tariffs. In 1990-91, the unweighted average tariff was 125 per cent. That figure came down to 71 percent in 1993-94. The peak tariff rate in 1990 was an unbelievably high 355 percent. The peak rate in 1993-94 came down to 85 per cent. In 1995 the highest rate of tariff was further reduced t o 50 percent and it was only 18 percent in 2004. Moreover Export promotion schemes are also being pursued with more than usual vigor. Only Brazil and Pakistan exhibit Weak export growth rates during periods of strong reform than when reform is not being adopted. A main argument of this review is that the control regime resulted in bad performance, but while the evidence that market-based reform is the best alternative is sufficient, this is so in relation to export performance. Control group analyses e.g. Adjustment in Africa (World Bank 1994) and Kirkpatrick and Weiss (1995) find that countries engaging in macro-economic policy reform, and in particular trade liberalisation, experience faster growth in real exports. And these simple control-group analyses can in fact adequately control for other factors, and so the results can clearly demonstrate the positive impact of reforms. The case studies also find positive effects. Husain and Faruqee (1994) report strong export growth in the case studies in the companion volume, despite declining terms of trade, and all but Burundi have achieved some success in diversification. On the other hand, Sahn et al. (1994) find mixed results from the case studies where reforms have been implemented. On the other hand the picture is far less positive with respect to debt, the debt burden having increased in many countries. Large aid inflows have tended to increase the debt burden rather than reduce it; although bilateral aid is virtually all grant aid, the substantial inflows from the international financial institutions are not. Table 14 shows that the total debt burden has risen in all countries. Table: 14 Total long-term debt (Period average, US$ billions) 1980-84 1985-89 1990-94 1995-99 2000-04 2005-06 Argentina 27.8992 48.2506 52.7302 91.8722 122.336 78.28317 Bangladesh 4.20178 8.40382 12.926 14.9476 16.7164 18.09767 Brazil 74.053 97.0186 104.9232 170.548 189.608 158.4533 Chile 13.5523 16.7214 15.7376 23.9212 34.4018 38.785 India 21.941 46.7864 81.2144 89.6896 103.394 116.935 Pakistan 9.2423 12.9838 19.9136 27.2814 30.619 30.72017 Sri Lanka 1.83248 3.8743 5.9005 7.71406 8.90006 10.27893 Venezuela 19.54 29.6404 29.4056 31.5568 30.751 34.592 Source: World Development Indicators 4 Economic Impact of Adjustment Policies: By Key Sectors 4.1 Agricultural Supply Response Economic performance at the sectoral level, particularly in agriculture and industry, is crucial to success of the economy in coping with changing economic circumstances brought about by macro-economic reform. There is also a gender aspect to this analysis since in many low-income countries, particularly in South Asia, women are responsible for the vast majority of agricultural labour. The impact of adjustment policies on agriculture is therefore an issue of great importance for gender relations and a proper analysis and appreciation of gender relations should inform the design of agricultural policy. Historically, developing countries have tended to tax their agricultural sectors through trade and pricing policies, often to keep food prices low for the benefit of the urban population and to generate export tax revenue. Schiff and Valdes (1992) have shown that these policies have resulted in a slowdown in agricultural sector growth and in overall economic growth, with industrial and macro-economic policies often having a greater impact than more direct, sector-specific measures. Table: 15 Average growth of real agricultural value added by Type of Reformers (1980 to 2007) 1 2 3 Mean 3.894 2.658 3.339 Median 3.658 2.608 3.166 Standard deviation 4.171 4.707 4.179 No of Observations 19 55 150 Source: Calculated by author One of the objectives behind adjustment is to reduce the level of indirect taxation of agriculture through trade liberalisation and removing price controls. The success or failure of orthodox adjustment programmes could be said to center on the supply response of agriculture to adjustment measures given the significance of agriculture in these economies for exports, domestic food supply and hence for inflation. Measures such as currency devaluation, reduced export taxes and lower input prices (through reduced domestic industrial protection, although a countervailing effect can come from the removal of subsidies) have attempted to increase the relative prices and profitability of agricultural and other tradable goods. Table 15 gives an analysis of average growth of real agricultural value added across the countries. From the results shown, it is evident that there is no significant difference in growth rates between weak reform, moderate and strong reform periods. Looking at the country specific results in Table 16 Brazil, India, Pakistan, Sri Lanka and, Venezuela exhibit strongest growth rates in real agricultural value added during periods of before reform. For Argentina, Bangladesh and Chile the strongest the reform implementation the greatest the rate of growth. Table: 16 Before and after comparisons of growth of real agricultural value added (1980-2007) Country Before reforms After reforms Mean Median Stand Dev Mean Median Stand Dev Argentina 0.973 0.167 4.068 3.052 4.097 4.846 Bangladesh 2.322 1.013 3.018 2.891 2.530 1.932 Brazil 4.175 3.370 7.055 3.263 4.100 2.763 Chile 2.292 3.786 4.110 5.286 6.248 4.944 India 4.396 1.483 5.801 2.698 2.448 4.551 Pakistan 4.303 4.405 3.841 3.901 4.567 4.170 Sri Lanka 2.925 2.629 4.348 1.339 1.900 2.608 Venezuela 3.631 3.976 3.948 2.715 2.022 5.282 Source: Calculated by author 4.2 Manufacturing Performance under Adjustment Pre-adjustment policies gave support to a heavily protected manufacturing sector, much of which was in state hands, through heavy tariffs, sometimes so high as to allow the firm a domestic monopoly, and both direct and implicit subsidies, such as receiving foreign exchange allocations at overvalued exchange rates. In general, state-owned firms faced a soft budget constraint. As adjustment is about achieving a more efficient allocation of resources, the process should entail moving resources out of such activities, i.e. a reduction of output and employment. Table: 17 Control group comparison of policy impact on manufacturing growth by Type of Reformers (1980 to 2007) 1 2 3 Mean 6.436 3.266 18462. Median 7.033 4.662 5.258 Standard deviation 3.727 6.385 226066.5 No of Observations 19 55 150 Source: Calculated by author The results of the analysis are presented in Tables 17 and 18. Table 17 reports the simple mean and median values of manufacturing growth in the countries using the classification by policy episodes described earlier. At first glance these results appear to lend support to the view that market-based reforms in fact have has a negative impact on manufacturing growth. A more mixed picture emerges from the country-level before and after analysis in Table 18. Countries with a positive message: Bangladesh (where growth has come from liberalization permitting rapid growth in textiles, rather than successful restructuring of the old state owned sector), Sri Lanka be added to this list, having had high growth throughout the period, which may be characterised by an increasingly liberal regime. It is important that the period under study is characterized by widespread trade and financial reforms in Latin America, to which the manufacturing sector responded by promoting cost reduction strategies in order to maintain some degree of competitiveness. These strategies in most cases involved cuts in employment levels, and this can cause an upward bias in the levels of labor productivity. Second, it is important to stress that there is a large degree of heterogeneity in the national experiences across the countries in the sample. In most of the cases, the shares of manufactures in GDP and exports have declined over the last two decades, in favor of agriculture (Argentina) or mining/oil (Venezuela). In some countries the patterns of specialization remained fairly stable. Table: 18 Before and After Comparisons of Manufacturing Growth (1980-2007) Country Before reforms After reforms Mean Median Stand Dev Mean Median Stand Dev Argentina -1.144 -2.685 7.593 2.758 4.645 8.307 Bangladesh 4.667 4.373 2.985 10.941 10.204 3.012 Brazil 1.783 0.946 7.451 145724.200 1.700 635193.000 Chile 0.127 3.096 12.132 4.958 5.241 3.565 India 6.942 6.959 3.060 1.651 1.609 0.677 Pakistan 8.400 7.885 2.649 8.826 7.999 3.132 Sri Lanka 5.714 5.184 3.432 33.673 30.536 17.483 Venezuela 2.323 3.432 3.998 2.035 1.854 0.796 Source: Calculated by author In several countries (Bangladesh and Sri Lanka) industrial growth has been partly based on the creation of new enterprises in more labor intensive sectors rather than successful restructuring of existing enterprises, though there has been some of that in the Sri Lankan case. 4. CONCLUDING REMARKS In this paper market-oriented policy reform has taken place in the 8 countries under consideration. Have these changes had beneficial effects on economic performance is the question to be investigated in this paper? For a very large number of indicators reviewed, performance has been better in reforming economies in some cases while it is unsatisfactory in others. Although there are deficiencies in both control-group and before and after analysis, these results are both strong and consistent, suggesting that there is something going on here. But care must be exercised in deciding what that something is. This paper has a few important findings to report. First, in spite of problems of implementation, many less developed countries of South Asia and Latin America have undertaken significant policy reforms during the 1990s, particularly trade liberalization, pricing and marketing reform, and the creation of a policy regime favorable to foreign direct investment. The national policy environment at the end of the 1990s in many less developed countries is thus very different from maintaining a given level of net transfers to a country involved high transaction costs associated with the continual negotiation of the proportion of scheduled debt payments to be serviced from the country’s own resources that at the end of the 1980s. It has moved decisively in the direction of economic liberalization. Second the impact of economic reforms in South Asia on the policy environment presents a mixed picture. The industrial and trade policy reforms have gone far, though they need to be supplemented by labor market reforms which are a critical missing link. The logic of liberalization also needs to be extended to agriculture, where numerous restrictions remain in place. Reforms aimed at encouraging private investment in infrastructure have worked in some areas but not in others. The complexity of the problems in this area has been underestimated, especially in the power sector. This has now been recognized and policies are being reshaped accordingly. Progress has been made in several areas of financial sector reforms, though some of the critical issues relating to government ownership of the banks remain to be addressed. However, the outcome in the fiscal area shows a worse situation at the date than at the start. Thirdly, our results would also support a case for more extensive structural and institutional reforms that is, for broadening the scope of reform because pushing macroeconomic reforms to the levels of performance achieved in the faster- growing. The policy debates triggered by the crises and lagging economic performance in Latin America have not produced a clear â€Å"winner,† much less a new consensus. In this regard, they differ from the debates of the 1980s, which led to the â€Å"Washington consensus,† a set of policy prescriptions that was widely supported by policymakers and economists both in the region and outside. Most economists and policymakers including many that continue to believe that stabilization and liberalization were the right policy prescriptions in the 1980s and early 1990s will now take the view that the â€Å"Washington consensus† agenda needs to be either augmented or replaced. Finally, new prescriptive ideas on reforms have tended to be realistic, emphasizing that reforms need to be modified to country circumstances. For example, the work on â€Å"Politics of Policies† sponsored by the Inter-American Development Bank starts with the premise that weak institutions are a common problem in Latin America, but argues that the solutions might be quite different across countries, depending on the â€Å"political game† that is currently in place. 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